一、突出以往研究的不足之处
Previous studies on X have not adequately addressed...
Researchers have not explored X in sufficient detail.
These expositions are unsatisfactory because they fail to...
Most studies in the field of X have primarily focused on...
However, such approaches have not successfully described...
Previously published studies are limited to local surveys.
Half of the studies evaluated did not specify whether...
The research to date has predominantly focused on X rather than Y.
Previously published studies on the effects of X are inconsistent.
Smith's analysis does not account for, nor does she examine...
The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y.
Most studies on X have only been conducted in a limited number of areas.
二、提供建设性的建议
The study would have been more interesting if it had indeed...
These studies would have been more useful if they had focused on...
The study would have been more relevant if the researchers had considered...
The questionnaire would have been more useful if it had asked participants about...
The research would have been more relevant if a broader range of X had been explored.
三、指出单一研究或者论文的观点
However, this theory does not fully explain why...
One criticism of much of the literature on X is that...
However, there is an inconsistency in this argument.
A serious weakness in this argument, however, is that...
One question that needs to be asked, however, is whether...
四、介绍问题和限制：理论或论证
The main weakness of this theory is that...
The key problem with this explanation is that...
However, this theory does not fully explain why...
One criticism of much of the literature on X is that...
However, there is an inconsistency in this argument.
A serious weakness in this argument, however, is that...
One question that needs to be asked, however, is whether...
Smith's argument relies too heavily on qualitative analysis of...
五、引入问题和限制：方法或实践
One major drawback of this approach is that...
Selection bias is another potential concern because...
Perhaps the most serious disadvantage of this method is that...
The main limitation of biosynthetic incorporation, however, is...
Non-government agencies are also very critical of the new policies.
All the studies reviewed so far, however, suffer from the fact that...
Critics of laboratory-based experiments contend that such studies...
Another problem with this approach is that it fails to take X into account.
六、引入一般批评
Critics question the ability of post-structuralist theory to provide...
Non-government agencies are also very critical of the new policies.
Smith's meta-analysis has been subjected to considerable criticism.
The most important of these criticisms is that Smith failed to note that...
The X theory has been vigorously challenged in recent years by a number of writers.
These claims have been strongly contested in recent years by a number of writers.
More recent arguments against X have been summarized by Smith and Jones (1982):
Critics have also argued that not only do surveys provide an inaccurate measure of X, but they also...
Many analysts now argue that the strategy of X has not been successful. For example, Jones (2003) argues that...
七、介绍某些前辈的立场
Jones (2003) has also questioned why...
However, Jones (2003) points out that...
The author challenges the widely held view that...
Smith (1999) takes issue with the contention that...
The idea was first challenged by Smith (1992).
Smith is critical of the tendency to compartmentalize X.
However, Smith (1967) questioned this hypothesis and...
Smith (1980) broke with tradition by raising the question of...
Jones (2003) has challenged some of Smith's conclusions, arguing that...
Another major criticism of Smith's study, made by Jones (2003), is that...
Jones (2003) is critical of the conclusions that Smith draws from his...
