E-convier为留学生们精心编写了最详尽、全面的英文论文引用指南,涵盖了MLA、APA、Harvard、Chicago四大常用引用格式及论文结构,解答了留学生在论文写作中常见的难题。我们团队在编写过程中广泛查阅了大量文献资料,筛选出最为准确和实用的内容,结合多位留学生及教师的实际经验,力求为大家提供简明易懂、实用性强的参考资料。论文写作是一项长期积累的过程,虽然我们不奢求凭借这份指南让大家立刻获得完美成果,但希望它能成为您随时查阅的工具书,伴随您顺利完成学业。
E-convier为大家讲解的是Harvard引用格式:
Harvard哈佛引用的定义?
Harvard Style,或称哈佛参考文献系统,起源于20世纪50年代的美国学术界,是一种常见的参考格式。与其他引用格式相比,哈佛格式采用了类似于APA的“作者-日期”方式。最初,哈佛格式主要用于物理学和自然科学领域的文献引用,后来逐渐扩展到社会科学领域。如今,哈佛引用格式已成为欧洲,特别是英国,以及澳大利亚大学社会科学和人文学科论文的常用标准。哈佛格式大致可以分为澳大利亚高校的Harvard格式和英国高校的Harvard格式,两者在细节上有所不同。本节将主要介绍澳大利亚高校的Harvard格式,英国高校的要求将在本节后进行总结。
Harvard引用格式包括
(1)In-text citation (文中引用)
(2)References(文尾引用)
(3)论文写作格式和排版要求
(1)Chicago引用的In-text Citation (文中引用)
Chicago的文中引用使用数字上角标1和footnote(脚注)或endnote(尾注)形式,本章节均以footnote为例,具体格式如下:
Category 类型 | Rules/Examples 规则/例子 |
One Author 一个作者 | Author's Last Name (Year of Publication) describes … Smith (2017) describes … 注:如果是直接引用(direct quotations)要加入页数信息 例:Author's Last Name (Year of Publication, p. page) states…"xxx". Smith (2017, p. 18) states…"xxx". |
… (Author's Last Name Year of Publication). … (Smith 2017). 注意:直接引用(direct quotations)情况下: … (Author's Last Name Year of Publication, pp. pages). … (Smith 2017, pp. 18-20). 注意:pp指pages | |
Two to Three Authors 两个或三个作者 | First Author's Last Name, Second Author's Last Name and Third Author’s Last Name (Year of Publication) stated …. Smith, Brown and Collins (2017) stated …. |
… (First Author's Last Name, Second Author's Last Name & Third Author’s Last Name Year of Publication). … (Smith, Brown & Collins 2017). | |
Four or More Authors 4个以上作者 | First Author's Last Name et al. (Year of Publication) insist…. Smith et al. (2017) insist …. |
… (First Author's Last Name et al. Year of Publication). … (Smith et al. 2017). | |
Organization or Government as Author 作者是组织或政府 | Organization or Government Name (Year of Publication) warns …. NASA (2017) warns …. |
… (Organization or Government Name Year of Publication). … (NASA 2017). | |
Works in an Anthology 文选中的作品 | According to Author's Last Name (Year of Publication), …. According to Austen (2017), …. |
… (Author's Last Name, Year of Publication). … (Austen, 2017). |
(2)Harvard引用的References(文尾引用)
BOOKS/书籍 | |
Category 类型 | Rules/Examples 规则/例子 |
One Author 一个作者 | Author's Last Name, First Name. Title. Publication City: Publisher, Year of Publication. Smith, David. Learn Ancient Latin. Miami: Oxford University Press, 2017. 注:title和subtitle的首单词及所有实词大写,冠词、介词、并列连词小写 |
Two or More Authors 两个或三个作者 | First Author's Last Name, First Name, and other Authors' First and Last Names. Title. Publication City: Publisher, Year of Publication. Smith, David, and Jacob Brown. Learn Ancient Latin. Miami: Oxford University Press, 2017. |
Works in an Anthology 文选中的作品 | Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Work." in Title of Anthology, edited by Editor's First and Last Names, Pages. Publication City: Publisher, Year of Publication. Austen, Jane. "When a Robot is your Co-worker." in The Complete Works of Jane Austen, edited by David Smith, 18-20. Miami: Oxford University Press, 2017. |
PERIODICALS/ JOURNALS/期刊/论文 | |
Article in a Printed Journal 纸质期刊中的文章 | Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal Volume, no. Issue (Year): Pages. Smith, David. "When a Robot is your Co-worker." Science 1, no. 8 (2017): 18-20. |
ONLINE SOURCES/在线资料 | |
Article in an Online Journal 在线期刊中的文章 | Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal Volume, no. Issue (Year): Pages. Accessed Month Day, Year. DOI or URL. Smith, David. "When a Robot is your Co-worker." Science 1, no. 8 (2017): 18-20. Accessed June 15, 2018. http://theweek.com/articles/723258/when-new-coworker-robot. |
Work from a Website 网站中的作品 | Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Work." Title of Site. Year of Publication or Modification. Accessed Month Day, Year. URL. Smith, David. "When a Robot is your Co-worker." The Week. 2017. Accessed June 15, 2018. http://theweek.com/articles/723258/when-new-coworker-robot. |
一、在文中引用(In-text Citation)中的括号引用中,不同大学要求不尽相同。
具体参考:The Coventry University Guide to Referencing in Harvard Style: Guidelines and Glossary
(Henderson, 5005)(Author’s Last Name, Year)
具体参考: Imperial Collage London Citing & Referencing: Harvard Style
2.Author’s Last Name,Year of publication 与 Page.
(Barthes, 5007:100) (Author’s Last Name, Year:Page with page number directly at the heading.)
具体参考:UCA Harvard Referencing Guide
(Wood, 5004: 126) (Author’s Last Name, Year: Page with page number directly at the heading)
具体参考:University of Oxford Guide to Referencing and Citations
(Bell, 2010, p.250) (Author’s Last Name, Year, Page with “p.” at the heading)
具体参考:University of Leicester Author-Date (Harvard) Referencing
(Lawson, 5009, p. 118) (Author’s Last Name, Year: Page with both “p.” and “space” at the heading.)
具体参考:London Metropolitan University Harvard Referencing Guide
(Ward 1996, p 72) (Author’s Last Name Year, Page with only “p” at the heading followed by “space” and page)
具体参考:University of Kent Harvard Referencing – Quick Guide
通过对比,我们要注意:
l Author’s Last Name 与 Year之间是否有逗号“,”;
l Year和Page之间是使用“,”还是“:”;
l Year后“,”和“:”后面是否有空格;
l Page格式是直接写页码还是需要写缩写“p”,缩写“p”的话,后面则是否要加“.”;
综上所述,各个学校的要求不尽相同,请以本校的规范为准。但(Lawson, 5009, p. 118) ( Author’s Last Name, Year: Page with both “p.” and “space” directly at the heading.) 这类格式最常见。
二、无论是文中引用(In-text Citation)还是文尾引用(Work Cited)但凡涉及到多为作者的时候,有的时候Author’s Last Name需要用and连接,例如:(Daly, Speedy and Jackson, 5006),有的时候则需要用&代替and连接,例如:(Errami & Garner, 5008),具体情况按照各自大学的具体格式要求进行写作。
三、在Print Book的文尾引用(Work Cited)中,不同于澳大利亚的Harvard格式:Publisher, Publication City,英国的Harvard格式则是Publication City: Publisher,具体对比如下:
澳大利亚:Andreasen, NC 5001, Brave new brain: conquering mental illness in the era of the genome, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
具体参考:Western Sydney University Harvard Westernsydu Referencing Style Guide
英国:Phillips, D. (5006) Quality of life: concept, policy and practice. London: Routledge.
具体参考:University of Oxford Guide to Referencing
四、在在线资源的文尾引用(Work Cited)中,英国的Harvard格式通常要求将DOI或URL放在访问日期(Accessed Date)之前,而澳大利亚的Harvard格式则将访问日期放在DOI或URL之前,并采用“viewed...”的格式。具体差异如下所示:
澳大利亚:Beard, M 5006, The fall of the Roman Republic, viewed 30 January 2011, <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/>
具体参考:Southern Cross University Harvard Referencing Style
英国:Hunt, Kim. (1995). Horse Evolution. [Online] The Talk Origins Archive. Available from: http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/horses/horse_evol.html [Accessed 7 October 5009].
具体参考:University of Kent Referencing Guide: The Harvard Referencing Style
(3)Harvard引用的论文写作格式、排版基本要求
1. 标题页居中写论文题目,全部大写,下一行写学生姓名,再向下隔四行写班级名称,另起一行写教授姓名、再一行写学校名称、再一行写学校所在城市/州名称,再一行写提交日期。示例如下:
2.字体为Times New Roman 12号(小四)字体;
3.页眉右上角写论文题目的精简版,实词首字母大写,空五个空格加页码,页眉顶端距离设为0.5 inch(1.27 cm);
4.页边距上下左右均设为1 inch(2.54 cm);
5.文章标题居中显示;
6.行间距设为双倍(Double Spaced);
7.每段首行缩进0.5 inch(1.27 cm)或五个空格;
8.文尾的文献引用列表名为“References”,居中显示;
9.每个文献条目首行左对齐书写,如信息超出一行,之后的每行设置为悬挂缩进0.5 inch(1.27 cm);
10.文献列表根据每个条目的首单词的首字母排序,示例如下:
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